Can Role-Based Public Leadership Promote Subordinate Taking Charge? The Role of Political Skills and Public Service Motivation

This paper focused on role-based public leadership's impact and internal mechanism on subordinate taking charge behavior (TCB). The explanatory model of rationality and value dual paths was proposed and verified through hierarchical regression and bootstrap tests, with the data from a questionnaire survey to the Bureau of Commerce. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Public service motivation is a mediating variable between public leadership and TCB;(2) political skills have a double-edged sword effect. Political skills positively moderate the impact of public leadership on TCB. Meanwhile, it negatively moderates the effects of public leadership on public service motivation and the effects of public service motivation on TCB;(3) under the high political skill level of subordinates, public leadership has a direct impact on the TCB, while under the low political skill level of subordinates, the direct effect of public leadership on the TCB is insignificant.

[Challenges of maintaining malaria elimination in China: Cross-border malaria].

China was certificated malaria-free by WHO in 2021 and has continued to maintain malaria elimination. However, there are still huge challenges in malaria control in the border regions between Yunnan Province, China and Myanmar due to lack of geographic barriers and frequent cross-border travel. Hereby, we review the direction contributions of the Global Fund Malaria Program implemented by Health Poverty Action (HPA), an international non-governmental organization (NGO), to malaria elimination in China, and analyze the challenges of malaria control caused by external environmental factors, such as COVID-19, in regions where the Global Fund Malaria Program is implemented. In addition, some suggestions are proposed for cross-border collaboration on malaria control.

Physical activity and sedentary behaviour among children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities during the COVID-19 lockdown in China.

BACKGROUND: In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, preliminary research has reported a significant decline in physical activity (PA) and an increase in sedentary behaviour (SB) among typically developed children and adolescents. Limited research has looked at the current situation of PA and SB during this pandemic among children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities (ID). This study investigated the situations about PA and SB among school-aged children and adolescents with ID on China's mainland during the COVID-19 outbreak. METHODS: In total, 837 parents of children and adolescents (ages 6-18 years) with ID from 15 special education schools of Shandong Province in China were recruited through convenience sampling in the study. Parents reported PA and SB among children and adolescents with ID through the Children's Leisure Activities Study Survey-Chinese version (CLASS-C) online questionnaires. RESULTS: From parents' reports, Chinese children and adolescents with ID during the COVID-19 pandemic participated in approximately 10 min of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, and engaged in approximately 530 min of SB every day. Meanwhile, only 17.4% of children and adolescents with ID were able to achieve the recommendation of 60 min of daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and 76.1% of children and adolescents with ID spent more than 2 h on SB per day. Additionally, the problems of decrease PA and excessive SB were more prominent in older adolescents with ID compared with younger children with ID. CONCLUSION: In China, the low level of PA and high level of SB is particularly evident in children and adolescents with ID during the outbreak of COVID-19. The great majority of children and adolescents with ID did not meet the recommended amount of PA while undergoing excessive SB under the long-term home quarantine environment. Therefore, immediate attention and great effort should be made to deal with this severe situation among this vulnerable population in the mainland of China.

[Development and outlook on human challenge trial of vaccine].

Human challenge trial (HCT) is a test in which human volunteers are intentionally infected with pathogens in order to evaluate the efficacy of candidate preventive or therapeutic drugs. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the HCT of vaccines has aroused people's attention due to its significant advantages over clinical trial. This paper introduces the concept, development and application of HCT, the advantages and limitations of HCT for vaccine evaluation, and the consideration of future HCT of COVID-19 vaccine in China.

Secondary infection rates and antibiotic prescribing in a COVID-19 hdu population

Introduction Secondary infection in COVID-19 has been associated with adverse outcomes and high mortality. The prevalence of secondary infection in COVID-19 and optimal antimicrobial strategies remain unclear. Methods Retrospective case-note review of patients with COVID-19 admitted to our institution's high dependency unit (HDU) from March to June 2020. Patients were PCR-positive for SARS-CoV-2 or had classical CT appearances and a compatible clinical presentation for COVID-19. Microbiological tests, antimicrobial prescriptions and clinical outcomes were recorded. Results 84 patients were identified. Median age was 68.5 years and 29/84 (34.5%) were female. Respiratory support included HFNO (n=39), CPAP (n=56), non-invasive ventilation (n=3) and invasive ventilation (n=14). Overall mortality was 36/84 (42.9%). 6/84 patients (7.1%) had evidence of secondary infection (>105 CFUs on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL);positive sputum culture or positive blood culture excluding skin contaminants). 28/84 (33.3%) had a respiratory sample sent: BAL n=10;sputum culture n=2;Legionella antigen n=15;throat swab multiplex PCR n=3;Biofire respiratory viral panel n=7. BAL was positive in 3/10 cases (Enterococcus faecium;Serratia marcescens and Escherichia coli;Pseudomonas aeruginosa). One sputum culture was positive for M. abscessus. 71/84 (84.5%) had blood cultures. 8 (11.2%) were positive, of which 6 were considered skin contaminants and not deemed true secondary infection (coagulase negative Staphylococci n=5;Lysinibacillus sp. n=1;Proteus mirabilis n=1;Staphylococcus epidermidis and Serratia marcescens n=1). All 84 patients received antimicrobials. 32 (38.1%) received a macrolide, predominantly azithromycin. Macrolide usage was not associated with mortality or admission length, but was associated with increased intubation rate (28.1% vs 9.6%, p=0.027) Initial antibiotic treatment was monotherapy in 45 (53.6%) cases and dual therapy in 39 (46.4%). Initial treatment with two antibiotics versus monotherapy was not associated with mortality but was associated with increased intubation rate (25.6% vs 8.9%, p=0.040) and increased mean admission length (16.5 vs 11.6 days, p=.036). Discussion Robust evidence of secondary infection in patients with COVID-19 was uncommon in our cohort. Increased intubation rates in patients prescribed a macrolide and those initially prescribed dual antibiotic therapy is likely to reflect more severe disease. There is considerable potential for enhanced antimicrobial stewardship in further waves of COVID-19.